4．【三字經(jīng)】舊時(shí)廣泛使用的蒙學(xué)課本。相傳為宋代王應(yīng)麟撰，明清學(xué)者陸續(xù)增補(bǔ)，至清初的本子為一千一百四十字。內(nèi)容從闡述教育的重要性開(kāi)始，進(jìn)而依次講述名物常識(shí)、經(jīng)書(shū)子書(shū)、歷史知識(shí)及古人勤學(xué)的故事等。全部用三言韻語(yǔ)，便于兒童誦讀。句法靈活豐富，語(yǔ)言通俗易懂。自編成后廣為流傳，一直使用至清末民初。
3．【六經(jīng)】指的是六部儒家經(jīng)典，即在“五經(jīng)”外，另加《樂(lè)經(jīng)》。也有稱(chēng)“六經(jīng)”為“六藝”的，韓愈《師說(shuō)》中的“六藝經(jīng)傳皆通習(xí)之”中的“六藝”即“六經(jīng)”。
2．【五經(jīng)】《詩(shī)》《書(shū)》《禮》《易》《春秋》五部儒家經(jīng)典的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)，始稱(chēng)于漢武帝時(shí)。其中存有中國(guó)古代豐富的歷史資料，是封建時(shí)代教育的必讀教科書(shū)，并被統(tǒng)治階級(jí)作為宣傳宗法封建思想的理論依據(jù)。
1．【四書(shū)】《大學(xué)》《中庸》《論語(yǔ)》《孟子》的合稱(chēng)。宋人抽出《禮記》中的《大學(xué)》《中庸》兩篇，與《論語(yǔ)》《孟子》配合，至南宋淳熙間，朱熹撰《四書(shū)章句集注》，“四書(shū)”之名由此而定。此后，“四書(shū)”始終是我國(guó)封建社會(huì)正統(tǒng)教育的必讀書(shū)和科舉取士的初級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書(shū)。
（二）社會(huì)生活問(wèn)題
1．好詞
（1）Population
explosion/baby
boom
（2）Population census
（3）Birth/death
rate
（4）Family planning
（5）Suicide
bombing
（6）Dropout students
（7）Eliminate
illiteracy
（8）Help those in distress
and aid those in peril
（9）Poverty-stricken
areas
（10）Remote and mountain
areas
（11）Shake off poverty and
set out on a road to prosperity
（12）Brain drain
（13）Corruption phenomenon
（14）Offer and take
bribes
（15）Embezzle pubic funds
（16）Counterfeit
certificates
（17）Counterfeit
currency/ID card
（18）Credit card
fraud
（19）Fake commodities
（20）Vending
machine
（21）Generation gap
（22）Couch
potato
（23）Keep a
concubine/mistress
（24）Casino/gambling
（25）Go on a diet
（26）Well-balanced meals
（27）Enjoy banquets using
public
funds
（28）Bad construction
projects
（29）Suspend/discontinue a
project
（30）Welfare-oriented
public housing distribution system
（31）High-rise apartment
building
（32）Down payment (by
monthly installments)
（33）Juvenile
delinquency
（34）Laid-off workers
（35）Trial-period
（36）On-the-job
training/professional training
（37）Reemployment
project
（38）U.N. Security Council
（39）Government-funded
personnel studying abroad
（40）Racial/sex
discrimination
（41）Traffic jam/road
congestion
（42）Drunk
driving
（43）Violation of traffic
regulations
（44）Hit-and-run
accident
（45）Rush/peak hour
（46）Security
personnel
（47）Spokesman for news
release
（48）Press
conference
（49）Globalization
（50）Intellectual property
right
（51）Infringement on the
patent right
（52）Bid for the Olympic
Games
（53）Sports lottery
（54）Live
broadcast
（55）Frozen food
（56）Preservation of
cultural
relics
（57）Change from temporary
to regular worker
（58）Body-building
exercises
（59）Bungee jumping
（60）Permanent residence
certificate
（61）Euthanasia
（62）Drug
addition
（63）AIDS disease
（64）Campus
violence
（65）Child abuse
（66）Kidnap/blackmail
2．佳句
（1）More and more people
come to realize the importance of regular physical exercise.
（2）We must struggle
against our own laziness and stay with our training, rain or shine.（風(fēng)雨無(wú)阻）
（3）Maintaining our health
is very important. No one should trifle with his health.
（4）Physical exercise
increases the appetite and favors digestion. It increases the circulation of
the blood. Physical exercise can develop one’s self-confidence, judgment, and a
strong will.
（5）Early to bed and early
to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. (Benjamin Franklin)
（6）A sound mind is in a
sound body.
（7）Taking part in sports
and games will keep us fit and healthy.
（8）Proper sports
activities help us strengthen our physical body and build our sense of
competition and cooperation.
（9）Research shows that
getting plenty of exercise makes heart beat faster and lung work harder, thus
strengthening the heart and reducing the chance of heart attack, and helping to
lower blood pressure.
（10）For those who work
with their brains most of the day, the practice of sport is especially useful.
（11）Once a habit is
formed, it is difficult and sometimes impossible to shake it off.
（12）It is easier to fall
into bad habits than to get into good ones.
（13）Many successful men
declare that they own much of their prosperity to the formation of certain good
habits in early life, such as punctuality, early rising, honesty, and
thoroughness.
（14）The eating habits of
Chinese people have changed dramatically in the past decade.
（15）People begin to eat
less grain, but more fruit and vegetables. Fresh fruit and vegetables are rich
in carbohydrate（碳水化合物）, vitamins and minerals.
（16）People now pay much
attention to nutrition, so they choose to eat meat and drink milk.
（17）Fish and chicken
contain more protein and less fat.
（18）The issue of
re-employment is of vital importance to the country’s reform, development and
stability.
（19）Some statistics
indicate that trained workers are three times as likely to be re-employed as
those who haven’t participated in any training programs.
（20）A
re-employment-oriented training network should be formed immediately to cover
as many laid-off workers as possible to enhance their abilities to face
challenges.
（21）Its no shame to earn
bread with one’s own hands no matter what kind of work he does, but it’s a
disgrace to idle along with folded arms and wait until financial aid arrives.
（22）China is undergoing a
period of transition from a socialist planned economy to a socialist market
economy.
（23）The government is
supposed to issue more beneficial policies to help the lay-offs out of
difficulty.
（24）Everyone desires and
pursues happiness. But happiness means different things to different people.
（25）I’ll be happy if I can
realize my value in my future career and make some contribution to the
development of our country. （26）Happiness also means being on good term with my
colleagues and friends.
（27）The only ones who will
be really happy are those who will have sought and found how to serve the
people.
（28）Happiness lies first
of all in health.
（29）Happiness is always
abounded from hard work.
（30）Happiness consists in
contentment.
（31）Every generation has
its own view of life and value system, which results from its living
circumstances.
（32）As long as different
generations can understand each other and avoid foisting their own views and
values on others, there will be fewer conflicts and more harmony between the
generations.
（33）The old assume that
they know best, but it is only a matter of experience.
（34）The young know how to
enjoy work and leisure and not to be inhibited.（約束）
（35）Children often
complain that their parents cannot understand them, while parents feel sorry
that their children seldom show them proper respect and obedience.
（36）Children should
respect their parents and be aware that what their parents do is for their good.
（37）As reformation goes
deeper in China, civil servants no longer have “iron rice bowls” as they used
to have in many places.
（38）Whatever we do, we
should do in our power.（盡力而為）
（39）To make a wise choice
of occupations, two important things should be taken into consideration. One is
the interest, the other, the demand of the people and society.
（40）It is definitely true
that behind every daily activity lies a motive. As a matter of fact, we can
achieve nothing without a realistic goal.
（41）Everybody should have
a goal in his life, because aimless life wastes our energy and time.
（42）Whatever goal you
might have, the primarily important thing you should have in life is health.
（43）It is universally true
that everyone needs good health. With our society becoming more competitive, it
is important to stay healthy.
（44）For one thing, people
with good health can do work with full energy and their excellence in work in
turn contributes to their health and happiness. For another, an unhealthy
person is seldom able to show interest in everything around him and therefore
he loses many opportunities to achieve success.
（45）Generally speaking,
those who have good motives do their duties well. For example, parents work
hard from early morning till late at night because they want to support their
families. Students study diligently either to rank top in their class or to be
prepared for their future success.
（46）On the other hand,
people do things evil because they have evil goals. For instance, the motive
for getting money without hard work makes a pickpocket steal a purse. To
fulfill his evil desire, a robber grab others’ belongings, and a murderer can
kill an innocent person. These wicked motives are the kind that people need to
get rid of because they hurt others.
（47）It is often easier to
have ideals than to carry them out.
（48）Effort and persistence
are necessary for the realization of ideals.
（49）Once the goal is
determined, we must create opportunities to reach it. Work hard and be patient
after your goal is set. Try your best to make your life happen in the way you
wish to see it. It is those who set the right goal and stick to it long enough
will finally achieve it.
（50）Living without an aim
is like sailing without a compass. When ideals are gone you may still exist,
but you have ceased to live.（雖生猶死）
2．佳句
（1）Pollution is, in fact,
threatening our existence.
（2）Villagers are as a
rule healthier than people who live in towns. One reason for this is that
country air is fresher than the air in smoky cities.
（3）Most of the noise in
the city comes from traffic, factories and construction sites.
（4）There is an
increasingly loud voice from the public calling for firm action against
pollution.
（5）Scientists have warned
that unless effective solutions are worked out, the problem of pollution will
eventually get out of hand.
（6）Many factories
discharge enormous harmful chemicals into air and rivers every day.
（7）To kill insects,
farmers use a large amount of insecticides so as to have a bumper harvest. As a
result, they pollute the air, water and land.
（8）The gas from car
engines is very poisonous. It is a main source of air pollution in cities.
（9）Deforestation result
in the increase of global temperature and unpleasant change of climate.
（10）The earth is our home
and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later
generation.
（11）Beijing now has become
one of the most polluted cities in the world. Among the 10 cities with the
worst air pollution in the world last year,
（12）If the city had not
plagued by poor quality air, the annual death rate in Beijing would have been 4
percent lower in past three years, according to the research done jointly by
Beijing Medical University and Harvard University.
（13）Beijing consumes 2.8
million tons of coal each year, of which 75 percent are low-grade coal.
（14）To make room for those
buildings, trees are being cut down, grass plots occupied. Cities look like
nothing but grey concrete woods.
（15）Modern cities should
be expanding with a certain percentage for green-plant areas.
（16）We must begin now to
protect our only earth.
（17）Almost everything we
use daily comes from the land directly or indirectly.
（18）But the limited land
is decreasing at a surprising speed.
（19）The nature has given
us so much, but looks at what we have done in return for its generosity.
（20）The ozone layer is our
natural shield in the sky, but this shield is in great danger due to human
activities. To protect the ozone layer is to protect us.
（21）Depleting the ozone
layer allows more UV-B to reach the earth, which means more skin cancers, more
eye cataracts（白內(nèi)障），weakened immune systems, and reduced plant yield.
（22）The nature has been
irritated, which results in the shortage of valuable resources, air pollution,
countless acres of lands becoming deserts, etc.
（23）Fortunately, many
countries have got to know the seriousness of the problem and take active
measures to preserve the environment.
（24）We sincerely hope that
all the people in the world will take part in the campaign and join hands to
protect the nature.
（25）Besides, trees and
lawns in our cities will in the long run help improve the local climate.
（26）The government should
also spend more money on the preservation of current lawns and cultivation of
new lawns.
（27）Chinese government has
taken strict measures to stop careless and indiscriminate felling of trees.
（28）Therefore, governments
are playing the most important role in environmental protection today.
（29）The government should
let people full realize the importance of environmental protection through
education.
（30）Cars should be
equipped with special devices to reduce auto emission.
（31）Farmers can utilize
modern biological techniques instead of chemical fertilizers to grow crops.
（32）Desert can be turned
into cultivated land by a certain kind of shrub.
（33）Recycling of paper,
steel and plastics is important for helping protect our environment.
（34）The city was
beautified on a tremendous scale.
（35）Energy crisis will
threaten our existence because of the people’s extravagance and the rapid
growth of he population.
（36）It is imperative that
we investigate and develop new sources of energy immediately.
（37）With the expansion of
industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.
（38）We have a great need
for energy because of the rapid growth of our economy.
（39）These rich energy
resources are being used up rapidly.
（40）To avoid energy crisis
in the future, we should take some actions.
（41）The overuse of energy
has influenced ecological balance.
（42）The development of
modern life is placing and ever increasing demand for electricity.
（43）If there were no
energy, our world would be in a state of confusion.
（44）Protecting endangered
species helps protect a healthy environment. Endangered species are nature’s
early warning system for pollution and environmental degradation that may
someday affect human health.（瀕危物種是大自然的關(guān)于污染和環(huán)境惡化的早期警戒系統(tǒng)，污染和環(huán)境惡化有朝一日會(huì)影響人類(lèi)的健康。）
（45）Protecting endangered
species saves a part of nature for our children and grandchildren to enjoy.
（46）Protecting endangered
species helps protect sustainable economies and a good quality of life.
Endangered species of fish, wildlife and plants are of ecological, educational,
historical, recreational and scientific value to the nations and their people.
（47）All of the living
creatures, including humans, are part of a complex, delicately balanced network
called the biosphere.
（48）No creature exists in
isolation. The removal of a single species can set off a chain reaction
affecting many others.
（49）It is estimated that
about 12,000 Tibetan antelopes are killed each year. If this trend continues,
this species will be extinct in two decades.
（50）A healthy environment
for wildlife contributes to healthy environment for people, today and tomorrow.
34．（8分）某校的研究性學(xué)習(xí)小組通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了蘋(píng)果的甜度和其電阻有一定關(guān)系，并初步得到了一種鑒別蘋(píng)果甜度的方法．以下是該研究小組的研究過(guò)程和成果．請(qǐng)你在劃線處完成填空，或根據(jù)提問(wèn)作出問(wèn)答．
(1)蘋(píng)果電阻的測(cè)量．
我們知道干燥的蘋(píng)果表面覆蓋有一層絕緣的蠟質(zhì)物．研究小組在探索中意外發(fā)現(xiàn)蘋(píng)果的柄和蘋(píng)果頂部向內(nèi)凹進(jìn)的部分竟然是導(dǎo)電的，好象兩個(gè)天然的電極．請(qǐng)用筆畫(huà)線代替導(dǎo)線，在圖中完成測(cè)量蘋(píng)果電阻的實(shí)驗(yàn)電路．
(2)探究影響蘋(píng)果電阻的因素．
有同學(xué)在研究中提出：蘋(píng)果的電阻不僅與蘋(píng)果的甜度有關(guān)，還可能與蘋(píng)果的不規(guī)則形狀有關(guān)．為此，他們共設(shè)計(jì)了如下兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案，經(jīng)過(guò)討論選擇了一種方案進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)．你認(rèn)為實(shí)驗(yàn)小組選擇了哪一種方案，為什么？
（A）對(duì)同一蘋(píng)果外圍進(jìn)行不同程度的切削，并測(cè)出加相同電壓下的電流；
（B）選擇相同甜度、不同形狀的蘋(píng)果進(jìn)行測(cè)量，并測(cè)出加相同電壓下的電流；
該小組所選的方案為 _；
選擇的原因是 ．
該小組用他們所選的正確方案進(jìn)行了正確的實(shí)驗(yàn)操作，發(fā)現(xiàn)，每次給蘋(píng)果加16V的電壓后，測(cè)出的電流表的示數(shù)都為145μA，通過(guò)分析他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)可以得出的結(jié)論是 ．
(3)探究通過(guò)蘋(píng)果的電流與蘋(píng)果汁中糖濃度的關(guān)系．
研究小組用甜度不同的蘋(píng)果來(lái)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)中所用的蘋(píng)果事先由專(zhuān)業(yè)人員測(cè)量出了甜度），每次都給蘋(píng)果加24V的電壓，測(cè)出通過(guò)蘋(píng)果的電流，最終得到了下表的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)：
電壓/V
24
24
24
24
24
24
電流/μA
10
50
120
180
240
320
糖濃度/（mg/ml）
32
40
54
66
78
94
①分析實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)可以初步得出的結(jié)論是：蘋(píng)果越甜，其電阻越_________．
②請(qǐng)你根據(jù)圖象和表格中的數(shù)據(jù)，歸納出加24V電壓時(shí)，電流（用I表示，單位μA）與糖濃度（用P表示，單位mg/ml）的關(guān)系可表達(dá)為 ；如果糖濃度達(dá)80 mg/ml已感到甜了，那么給蘋(píng)果加30V的電壓時(shí)，測(cè)量蘋(píng)果中有300μA的電流，這個(gè)蘋(píng)果是 （選填“甜”或“不甜”）．
（2）如果空油箱的質(zhì)量為
若電源電壓為6V，壓力傳感器R的上表面面積為
（1）當(dāng)油與箱總重為600N時(shí)，壓力傳感器R受到的壓強(qiáng)是多大？
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